WW2

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Why does Africa have so many more languages than any other continent?

Africa is considered to be the most linguistically diverse continent on the planet, with estimates putting the number of languages spoken at as many as 3,000. Many of the languages spoken there fall under six main language families (Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger–Congo, Khoe, Austronesian and Indo-European), based largely around geographic regions. However, there are also languages from smaller families, language isolates, which have no clear relationship with any other languages, sign language isolates and languages that as yet remain unclassified. The influence of European languages on Africa is a reason behind the continent’s vast linguistic diversity. European imperialists had their sights firmly set on Africa towards the end of the 19th century. Some were more subtle than others in their attempts at colonisation, applying diplomatic pressure to get their own way. Others used their imperialist might to push into Africa with military invasions. Resistance was often fierce, but ultimately only Ethiopia and Liberia were able to resist the advances of European colonial powers. Europe’s advancement into Africa was based largely on economic factors (the Industrial Revolution in particular created the need to secure sources of raw materials and flow them into Europe), but its impact spread to culture and language across the continent. Colonies of settlers, like the Portuguese in Angola, the French in Algeria and the English in Nigeria, Kenya and Uganda enforced the spread of their languages and created a linguistic melting pot. While resistance to colonial rule often involved a refusal to assimilate linguistically, the presence of European languages in Africa could not be avoided. In many instances, these European tongues were taken and localized, being converted into local dialects. In South Africa, for example, Roger Lass (2002) identified three distinct versions of South African English: the ‘cultivated’ English used by the upper class, the ‘general’ English used by the middle class and the ‘broad’ English used by the working class. The latter was also closely approximated to Afrikaans English, again showing how European languages became entwined in complex ways with local languages and dialects. It is this blending of history, economics and politics that is behind the linguistic diversity seen in modern-day Africa. While many of the events that led to the creation of such diversity – invasion, colonisation and the plundering of natural resources – are now viewed in a negative light, they have at least on a linguistic level contributed to the creation of the most fascinating continent on Earth.

CHICCAGO URBAN PLAN

SALAMANCA URBAN PLAN, ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS OF AN URBAN PLAN: SALAMANCA

Salamanca is a city situated at the north west of Spain.
In this city the type of pattern is very radiocentric, not straight streets and surrounded by a wall because it is a city who developped in the middle ages and the city started to enlarge iat the beginning of the XX century.
So the city is built around the old historical centre. It started when they built working class neighborhoods around because most of the people worked in the field, agriculture etc.

Suburbs and the inner suburbs have an orthogonal type of plan.
The main areas have lots of renaissance buildings and other artist style of the city is the baroque.

beacause of the streets (mostly in the centre of the city) follow and irregular plan, streets are short and narrow and thin wich make difficult the traffic and countribute to the pollution

HISTORIC CENTRE: 
It is identified by rests of wall. It has an irregular plan of thin streets, with courtyards . The square acts as the core of the city leading to the main streets. Highlight the most important areas as the Old Cathedral in Romanesque and Gothic styles and the New Cathedral Late Gothic Renaissance and Baroque styles, the two of them are the most important because of their decoratrion, heigh and the position where they were built. The whole city is grouped into neighborhoods or guilds.

PROBLEMS:
The main problems of the old town is suffering deteriorating housing of the main roads , the eldery society, the use of vehicles and narrow and tortuous streets.


ENLARGEMENTS:
the main streets have managed to become major roads like Calle Toro. This remodeling of the city is caused by a real estate boom between 20-30 years with the migration to the city of the people. These new channels are used for the buissness sector and residential areas in the middle, though news residences in the city are also made , leading to the expansion of the Salamanca arean. Widening problems are the shortage of public transport, aging population and housing areas without services such as lift and built with poor materials. 

SOLUTIONS: Installation financing and rehabilitation services by the town hall towards the citizens .

ANALYSIS OF A RURAL LANDSCAPE:

 A rural landscape or country side is a geographic area thta is located outside towns and cities.

The image shows a relief characterized by plains.
Thye vegetation in this area is grassland, with some bushes and trees. There are dry farming crops.

 In the pictore we couldn´t see any river, lake, waterfall etc. But, it is still a wet landscape.
According to all of these, the climate of this location could be a lot of sun and lots of rain too.

  With regard to the land uses and activities we can say that it is a dry farming, with a monoculture crop varietuy.
The predominant use of the land will probably be agriculture. A secunedary use of the land could be castle raising.
In addition, the landscape shows a bocage field ahnd a nucleated settlement pattern.

Some of the problems of the rural areas are people moving to cities, low population in villages that would create economic crisis and more problems to the place. also, the lack of services such us health care, schools, communications etc, generates a big problem for the population.


 Among the measures that can be applied we can propose a interest o creating more services so people will be happier and have a better lilve wich means they would not want to leave.


                                                                       Sofía Carpintero.