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DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

I believe there were ideological feelings and good purposes behind the independence of America, but, in my opinion, the Declaration of Independence was written mainly because of selfishness.
Bourgeoisie wanted power, and for that they needed the support of  the lower-class

What evidences do we have to get to this statement? In first place, bourgeoisie always has been desirous of power, also, they had many reasons to promote a rebellion against England, such as the cut off of trade with the rest of the world, te monopolium of the tea merch and the big taxes. We can observe evidences of the trying of the upper-class to persuade lower-class in that grievances as well and in the Declaration of Independence. For example, it is important to standout that they were written by white and privilaged men, using an inspiring language to call all classes to rebellion and to wake up patriotic feelings. They do not say anything of the black people, women and slaves. However, this determination of the bourgeoisie to persuade lower-class might have been only the result of their desire of gaining power over the govermen. As a conclusion, I can tell that the reason of the writing of the Declaration of Independence is that priviladge classes needed the support of the lower-class to rebolt and this way gain control over goverments, and they got it.

SUMBA

1-What features animism define the believes of Sumba?    The features animism that define the believes of Sumba are the ones that are situated in their     houses. All their houses (made by Straw) have three floors; humans live in the middle floor, under them, the animals and on the top of the house live the spirits wich are called Marapu.  If we talk about the decorations of the houses, we know that they used animal bones like craniums.
The people from the tribu also think that everything in nature has its own essence.

2- Who is Ratu for the village?
   He is a sorcerer or chieftain and the inhabitants of Sumba usually call him the worm's priest because he can guess when the new year starts looking at the seaworm.


3-Which are the examples of dualism that appear on the video?
Men and women are divided but not only in their houses, they also have two entrances to the temple; one for male and aonther one for female. That is something that represents very good dualism (that says that there has to be two different sides as for example day and night). Another way they have to represent dualism is by having different nuts having the nut depending if you are a men or a women.

4-Explain the universal symbols that appear in the video and how they adapt to the believings of the village.
   They have a lot of symbols, for explample, they considerate the moon as a symbol because it reprents the cycle of days and nights. Another symbol could be that when someone died, they use a stone in order to keep him or her´s spirit with them. They also considerate the sun and the sky important symbols in their lives. But this aren´t the only ones, they also had a tree in the center of the village that represented the way that conected the Earth with heaven and also represents their enemies and the war.

5-Explain the symbols of the house, what parts they have and how they decorated them.
    Their houses were divided into three floors, the first one that was were they had their animals, the second floor that was when the people of the house lived, and finally, de third floor that was were the spirits lived.
  Talking about symbols, they used bones of animals, like craniums or horns, as decoration of their houses; they also used pictures of the animals that they considerated "spiritual animals".

6-Who is Marapu?
   Marapu was the name that the inhabitants of Sumba used for naming the spirits that lived around them.

7-Explain the symbolism of the loom and explain the drawing of Ikats.
   The drawings of the Ikats were made to represent the past of their village and their lands,spirits and  their horses (that were considerated one of the spiritual animals by the people)


8-How do the Sumba announce the new year?
   They beggining of the new year is said by the Ratu, who listens to the spirits. When the Ratu said thay the new year has become, the go to the sea in order to catch worms of sea. If there are a lot of worms of sea, that means that it is going to be a good year of good harvests and fertility, but if they don´t get a lot of them, they it means the opposite: it will be a bad year refering to the fertily ground.

9-Explain the symbolism of Pasola.
   
Pasola is a fight between to two rival clans that takes place in order to fertilice the ground with blood. The members of both clans fight on horseback, using picks in order to hurt the other. A good Pasola is that in which a lot of blood falls to the ground as it symbolises the fertilization of the ground (a good year). For this reason, the ratus won't stop the fight until a lot of blood is spilled , so they can ensure a good rice harvest.

10-How the Ratu tell the future of the village? 
   The Ratu can tell the village their future by looking at the intestines of the chickens, if they were twisted it symbolized a bad future, if they were well disposed, it meant a good future.

INTERVIEWING MARTIN LUTHER

I: Good morning Luther! Thanks for coming.


M:Hello, thanks.


I: First of all, how would you discribe yourself in that times?


M; Umm.. A nonconformist who was seeing injustices and wanted to be heard.


I: And that´s why you wrote the theses?

M: Yes, I was dissatisfied with several practices of the Roman Catholic Church, including the sale of indulgences, the abuse of priestly power and the power of the Pope. I also argued that faith, not deeds, is the path to salvation.

I: And what happened when you made this arguments public?

M: I sparked a religious revolution that came to be known as the Protestant Reformation. 

I: What was the thing that make you start writting them?

M: Even as a student, I began to have some trouble with the Roman Catholic Church's teachings that one could reach salvation by performing certain acts. However, it was not until the Church began selling indulgences that i decided to wrote the Theses.

I: Can you explain us what were the indulgences?


M: Basicaly, indulgences allowed a person who gave money to the Church to avoid some of the temporal punishment associated with his or her sins. One could also buy indulgences to limit the temporal punishment of someone else, whether they were alive or in purgatory.

I: So, you wrote "The Ninety-Five These," arguing that a person did not have to pay for remission of his or her sins because such forgiveness is offered by Christ freely to every person who repents?


M: Exactly, and i started a discussion about the power of the Catholic Church that led to a huge number of new Protestant denominations.


I: Rome condemned you as a heretic, removed you from the priesthood and banned your writings. What was your response?


M:In response, I publicly burned the papal bull, or edict. The sale of indulgences plummeted and my ideas started to take hold.


I: How are the Lutherans?


M: The Lutherans have no such compunction. The Church of Sweden has had women pastors for more than half a century, the Danes for almost 70 years. And the gulf between the two churches on this issue were underscored when Francis, the head of the Roman Catholic church, came face to face with the head of the Church of Sweden, Archbishop Antje Jackelén, a woman.


I: Do you know that the actual Pope wants to unify the two churches again?


M: I read an article about that the other day.


i: And what do you think about it?


M: I think it is a great idea, this Pope has lots of hope and wants to remake Catholithism and make it in a good and respectfull way, so i think it´s going to be difficult but if the two of the Churches get together and decided to work side to side it can make a great difference between all the believers and get strengh thanks to the union.


I: Thank you so muck Marthin, i wish you the best.


M: It´s been a pleasure.

INTERVIEWING A PIKEMAN OF THE TERCIOS.

I: Today we´re are here to talk with a pikeman of The Tercios of Spain. Hello Mr. Pikeman!

P: Good morning, i´m glad to be here.

I: Let´s start, how would you define the tercios?

P: We were a perfect combination of the different military units of the time, formed by veteran soldiers and errands, most of the times, by good officers. Besides, we were not mercenaries on the payroll, we were men of honor, loyal to their king and united by a fervent Catholic faith.

I: Why do you think you were that well know in all Europe?

P: Well...everything was motivated to the troops in the field of battle, what united to ours victories created us a great reputation in all Europe.

I: In your opinion, why did Carlos V created the Tercios?

P: In my opinion, Carlos V created the Tercios to solve the administrative problem of managing his military instrument: The ever increasing number of loose companies he needed to defend his vassals, first of the French and then against the Turks

I: That´s very interesting! Can you explain us what was the strategy that made you so famous?

P: Specifically, the strategy that made us gain a gap in time was simple but effective.First, the heavy mosquetos used to open fire.The harquebuses were later fired at a short distance, and then the great mass of pikemans, advancing neatly into a frame, formed an iron barrier, lowering their long spikes pointing at the attacking troops.

I: So what was specifficaly the job of the pikemans?

P:When the enemies arrived,we raised our arms and...

I: Oh, your arms, that´s something that i really want you to talk about.

P: it is very simpy, the pica, is an extensive spear of between four and six meters with which stopped the advance of the cavalry and attacked the enemy soldiers who fought on foot.

I:How would you describe the Tercios soldiers? In a general way.

P:The soldier of the Tercios was admired and feared. And we knew it. We were also cocky and quarrelsome and at the slightest chance they used the steel to "clarify" their differences. In this they were also highly respected throughout Europe, the "Spanish dexterity" with the ropera sword and the left hand dagger was well known.

I: All of you were proud of being a part of the Tercios?

P: Everyone, We were very loyal of our loved king.

I: Talk to us about the clothes you must wore.

P:The Tercios were not characterized in their first stage to have a concrete uniform.

I: But, how you diffenced yourselves between the enemy then?

P: Oh because one of the few distinctions that the soldiers took to distinguish themselves from the enemy was a small red band on the arm, a color also used by the us, I mean, the pikemens, to line the horn of their arms. This attire remained approximately until the SXVII, at which time a color for the coatings of some Tercios was regulated.

I: Ok, last but not least, how do the Tercios army ´died´?

P: We ´died´ at the hands of Philip V, who dissolved us and turned us into regiments that had the "less loose" captains more controlled by a more centralized command.

I: Thank you so much for your time.

P: Thank you for having me.

Did God really help the English defeat the Spanish Armada?

Information taken of:
1. This is an extract from a letter to the English government which gives details about the progress of the Armada.

• How useful do you think this information would be to the English government?

                    It would be very important because it says a lot of information of the armada like the number of soldiers, the great shippers etc

• Why were there more soldiers than sailors?

                     Because they wanted to invate Great Britain, and the soldiers were the ones who can fight, the sailors do not.

2. This is a report from Lord Howard of Effingham, the Admiral of the English fleet.

• How do you think the news that the Spanish Armada had been sighted was able to reach Lord Howard so quickly when he was at Plymouth, over a hundred miles away?

Because of the wind and the well directioned wind

Why do you think Howard complained to Walsingham about the wind?

           Because, as he said, the wind turned very hard make difficult to sail.

• Howard says that the Spanish fleet was ‘soe strong’. What made it strong?

      They had 30000 soldiers, 130 sips, 3000 fire guns and more tan 130000 canon ball, this, compared with the deffense that Great britain had (no soldiers, just sailors) the spanish fleet was super strong.

4. An extract from a Spanish captain’s account of the events. He had survived after being shipwrecked on the Irish coast and was then interrogated by the English, but eventually returned home to Spain.

• The English celebrated their victory with a medal saying ‘God Blew and they were Scattered’ – how would the Spanish have explained their defeat?

A sucession of several bad events made that the Navy lost a large majority of their boats.

• If you could change one thing to give the Spanish a better chance of winning what would it be and why?

I think it was a question of luck, they planned everything and were well preparated and equipated, so i would just give them betrter luck for not to fall in all of those misfortunes.

• Why was it a good thing that the Spanish plans were stopped?

In the perspective of the english population it was a good think beacuse if they did not stopped they would have conquered them..

• The Spanish Armada fought the English fleet for two days without losing any ships. What happened next that changed this?

That the weather changed and the english people took them into the port were they send them some burning boats and attacked wich made the army lose lots of ships.

                                   

CHARLES V MAP