THE MISSION

1.- Briefly explain the plot of the movie.

America, eighteenth century. The Mission fits in the tropical jungle that is above the Iguazu Falls. There a Jesuit, Father Gabriel ( Jeremy Irons) follows the path of a crucified Jesuit, with no more weapons than his faith and a flute. Upon being accepted by the Guaraní Indians, Gabriel creates the mission of San Carlos. His followers are joined by Rodrigo Mendoza, Robert De Niro, a slave extractor, mercenary and murderer, who finds his redemption among his former victims, becoming a Jesuit. After years of fighting together, they are divided by opposing positions in a dramatic battle for independence from the natives.

2.-Explain the historic presence of Jesuit Missions in Paraguay?

The film is set during the Jesuit Reductions, a program by which Jesuit missionaries set up missions independent of the Spanish state to teach Christianity to the natives. It tells the story of a Spanish Jesuit priest, Father Gabriel, who enters the South American jungle to build a mission and convert a community of Guaraní Indians to Christianity.

3.- In what ways is the Treaty of Madrid (1750) related with this movie?

In 1750 Spain and Portugal signed a treaty renegotiating a borderline between Spanish and Portuguese territories in South America, with Portugal taking control of a previously Spanish region on the Paraguay River. In this region were a number of mission communities, founded by the Society of Jesus, where thousands of native Guaraní converts lived. These missions (called "reducciones" or "reductions") were not simply spiritual centers, but thriving economic communities where converts worked together and prospered.

The Jesuit missionaries, who were ardent champions of the Pope, strongly opposed slavery, an institution long condemned by Rome. The Vatican had particularly condemned the enslavement of the newly discovered peoples of the Americas; but social acceptance of this teaching (as of the Church’s condemnations of dueling in the nineteenth century or of abortion today) was limited and partial. Spain had anti-slavery laws, but Portugal didn’t; and naturally the Guaraní  deeply resented the transfer of power. Once the Spanish withdrew, the only protection remaining to the Guaraní would be the Jesuit reducciones. The Portuguese, of course, wished to see the missionaries depart from the region together with the Spanish civil authority.

In the name of protecting the Order on the Continent, the missionaries were ordered to abandon and send their converts back to their native ways of life.
The movie tells the story of one company of missionaries who defy the order to leave their mission, defending the right of their converts to remain in their new home. Some of these priests, led by a novice named Mendoza, even actively lead the Guaraní in guerrilla warfare against the Portuguese forces who eventually arrive to expel them.

4.- What were the Jesuit Reductions?

The missions of the Jesuits, they were not simply spiritual centers, but thriving economic communities where converts worked together and prospered.

5.- How are Zamora and this movie related? You can use this link to find out

It is related because the project of the foundations of jesuits missions were work of Diego De Torres, who was of Zamora.

WW2

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1zbrb0R9SmEX3lfeFgyeG5ONkk/view?usp=sharing

Why does Africa have so many more languages than any other continent?

Africa is considered to be the most linguistically diverse continent on the planet, with estimates putting the number of languages spoken at as many as 3,000. Many of the languages spoken there fall under six main language families (Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger–Congo, Khoe, Austronesian and Indo-European), based largely around geographic regions. However, there are also languages from smaller families, language isolates, which have no clear relationship with any other languages, sign language isolates and languages that as yet remain unclassified. The influence of European languages on Africa is a reason behind the continent’s vast linguistic diversity. European imperialists had their sights firmly set on Africa towards the end of the 19th century. Some were more subtle than others in their attempts at colonisation, applying diplomatic pressure to get their own way. Others used their imperialist might to push into Africa with military invasions. Resistance was often fierce, but ultimately only Ethiopia and Liberia were able to resist the advances of European colonial powers. Europe’s advancement into Africa was based largely on economic factors (the Industrial Revolution in particular created the need to secure sources of raw materials and flow them into Europe), but its impact spread to culture and language across the continent. Colonies of settlers, like the Portuguese in Angola, the French in Algeria and the English in Nigeria, Kenya and Uganda enforced the spread of their languages and created a linguistic melting pot. While resistance to colonial rule often involved a refusal to assimilate linguistically, the presence of European languages in Africa could not be avoided. In many instances, these European tongues were taken and localized, being converted into local dialects. In South Africa, for example, Roger Lass (2002) identified three distinct versions of South African English: the ‘cultivated’ English used by the upper class, the ‘general’ English used by the middle class and the ‘broad’ English used by the working class. The latter was also closely approximated to Afrikaans English, again showing how European languages became entwined in complex ways with local languages and dialects. It is this blending of history, economics and politics that is behind the linguistic diversity seen in modern-day Africa. While many of the events that led to the creation of such diversity – invasion, colonisation and the plundering of natural resources – are now viewed in a negative light, they have at least on a linguistic level contributed to the creation of the most fascinating continent on Earth.

COLONIAL EMPIRES IN 1914

IRON ARCHITECTURE AND THE CHICAGO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

THE MODERNISME

GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

POLITCAL THINKERS MINDOMO MAP

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DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

I believe there were ideological feelings and good purposes behind the independence of America, but, in my opinion, the Declaration of Independence was written mainly because of selfishness.
Bourgeoisie wanted power, and for that they needed the support of  the lower-class

What evidences do we have to get to this statement? In first place, bourgeoisie always has been desirous of power, also, they had many reasons to promote a rebellion against England, such as the cut off of trade with the rest of the world, te monopolium of the tea merch and the big taxes. We can observe evidences of the trying of the upper-class to persuade lower-class in that grievances as well and in the Declaration of Independence. For example, it is important to standout that they were written by white and privilaged men, using an inspiring language to call all classes to rebellion and to wake up patriotic feelings. They do not say anything of the black people, women and slaves. However, this determination of the bourgeoisie to persuade lower-class might have been only the result of their desire of gaining power over the govermen. As a conclusion, I can tell that the reason of the writing of the Declaration of Independence is that priviladge classes needed the support of the lower-class to rebolt and this way gain control over goverments, and they got it.

SUMBA

1-What features animism define the believes of Sumba?    The features animism that define the believes of Sumba are the ones that are situated in their     houses. All their houses (made by Straw) have three floors; humans live in the middle floor, under them, the animals and on the top of the house live the spirits wich are called Marapu.  If we talk about the decorations of the houses, we know that they used animal bones like craniums.
The people from the tribu also think that everything in nature has its own essence.

2- Who is Ratu for the village?
   He is a sorcerer or chieftain and the inhabitants of Sumba usually call him the worm's priest because he can guess when the new year starts looking at the seaworm.


3-Which are the examples of dualism that appear on the video?
Men and women are divided but not only in their houses, they also have two entrances to the temple; one for male and aonther one for female. That is something that represents very good dualism (that says that there has to be two different sides as for example day and night). Another way they have to represent dualism is by having different nuts having the nut depending if you are a men or a women.

4-Explain the universal symbols that appear in the video and how they adapt to the believings of the village.
   They have a lot of symbols, for explample, they considerate the moon as a symbol because it reprents the cycle of days and nights. Another symbol could be that when someone died, they use a stone in order to keep him or her´s spirit with them. They also considerate the sun and the sky important symbols in their lives. But this aren´t the only ones, they also had a tree in the center of the village that represented the way that conected the Earth with heaven and also represents their enemies and the war.

5-Explain the symbols of the house, what parts they have and how they decorated them.
    Their houses were divided into three floors, the first one that was were they had their animals, the second floor that was when the people of the house lived, and finally, de third floor that was were the spirits lived.
  Talking about symbols, they used bones of animals, like craniums or horns, as decoration of their houses; they also used pictures of the animals that they considerated "spiritual animals".

6-Who is Marapu?
   Marapu was the name that the inhabitants of Sumba used for naming the spirits that lived around them.

7-Explain the symbolism of the loom and explain the drawing of Ikats.
   The drawings of the Ikats were made to represent the past of their village and their lands,spirits and  their horses (that were considerated one of the spiritual animals by the people)


8-How do the Sumba announce the new year?
   They beggining of the new year is said by the Ratu, who listens to the spirits. When the Ratu said thay the new year has become, the go to the sea in order to catch worms of sea. If there are a lot of worms of sea, that means that it is going to be a good year of good harvests and fertility, but if they don´t get a lot of them, they it means the opposite: it will be a bad year refering to the fertily ground.

9-Explain the symbolism of Pasola.
   
Pasola is a fight between to two rival clans that takes place in order to fertilice the ground with blood. The members of both clans fight on horseback, using picks in order to hurt the other. A good Pasola is that in which a lot of blood falls to the ground as it symbolises the fertilization of the ground (a good year). For this reason, the ratus won't stop the fight until a lot of blood is spilled , so they can ensure a good rice harvest.

10-How the Ratu tell the future of the village? 
   The Ratu can tell the village their future by looking at the intestines of the chickens, if they were twisted it symbolized a bad future, if they were well disposed, it meant a good future.

INTERVIEWING MARTIN LUTHER

I: Good morning Luther! Thanks for coming.


M:Hello, thanks.


I: First of all, how would you discribe yourself in that times?


M; Umm.. A nonconformist who was seeing injustices and wanted to be heard.


I: And that´s why you wrote the theses?

M: Yes, I was dissatisfied with several practices of the Roman Catholic Church, including the sale of indulgences, the abuse of priestly power and the power of the Pope. I also argued that faith, not deeds, is the path to salvation.

I: And what happened when you made this arguments public?

M: I sparked a religious revolution that came to be known as the Protestant Reformation. 

I: What was the thing that make you start writting them?

M: Even as a student, I began to have some trouble with the Roman Catholic Church's teachings that one could reach salvation by performing certain acts. However, it was not until the Church began selling indulgences that i decided to wrote the Theses.

I: Can you explain us what were the indulgences?


M: Basicaly, indulgences allowed a person who gave money to the Church to avoid some of the temporal punishment associated with his or her sins. One could also buy indulgences to limit the temporal punishment of someone else, whether they were alive or in purgatory.

I: So, you wrote "The Ninety-Five These," arguing that a person did not have to pay for remission of his or her sins because such forgiveness is offered by Christ freely to every person who repents?


M: Exactly, and i started a discussion about the power of the Catholic Church that led to a huge number of new Protestant denominations.


I: Rome condemned you as a heretic, removed you from the priesthood and banned your writings. What was your response?


M:In response, I publicly burned the papal bull, or edict. The sale of indulgences plummeted and my ideas started to take hold.


I: How are the Lutherans?


M: The Lutherans have no such compunction. The Church of Sweden has had women pastors for more than half a century, the Danes for almost 70 years. And the gulf between the two churches on this issue were underscored when Francis, the head of the Roman Catholic church, came face to face with the head of the Church of Sweden, Archbishop Antje Jackelén, a woman.


I: Do you know that the actual Pope wants to unify the two churches again?


M: I read an article about that the other day.


i: And what do you think about it?


M: I think it is a great idea, this Pope has lots of hope and wants to remake Catholithism and make it in a good and respectfull way, so i think it´s going to be difficult but if the two of the Churches get together and decided to work side to side it can make a great difference between all the believers and get strengh thanks to the union.


I: Thank you so muck Marthin, i wish you the best.


M: It´s been a pleasure.

INTERVIEWING A PIKEMAN OF THE TERCIOS.

I: Today we´re are here to talk with a pikeman of The Tercios of Spain. Hello Mr. Pikeman!

P: Good morning, i´m glad to be here.

I: Let´s start, how would you define the tercios?

P: We were a perfect combination of the different military units of the time, formed by veteran soldiers and errands, most of the times, by good officers. Besides, we were not mercenaries on the payroll, we were men of honor, loyal to their king and united by a fervent Catholic faith.

I: Why do you think you were that well know in all Europe?

P: Well...everything was motivated to the troops in the field of battle, what united to ours victories created us a great reputation in all Europe.

I: In your opinion, why did Carlos V created the Tercios?

P: In my opinion, Carlos V created the Tercios to solve the administrative problem of managing his military instrument: The ever increasing number of loose companies he needed to defend his vassals, first of the French and then against the Turks

I: That´s very interesting! Can you explain us what was the strategy that made you so famous?

P: Specifically, the strategy that made us gain a gap in time was simple but effective.First, the heavy mosquetos used to open fire.The harquebuses were later fired at a short distance, and then the great mass of pikemans, advancing neatly into a frame, formed an iron barrier, lowering their long spikes pointing at the attacking troops.

I: So what was specifficaly the job of the pikemans?

P:When the enemies arrived,we raised our arms and...

I: Oh, your arms, that´s something that i really want you to talk about.

P: it is very simpy, the pica, is an extensive spear of between four and six meters with which stopped the advance of the cavalry and attacked the enemy soldiers who fought on foot.

I:How would you describe the Tercios soldiers? In a general way.

P:The soldier of the Tercios was admired and feared. And we knew it. We were also cocky and quarrelsome and at the slightest chance they used the steel to "clarify" their differences. In this they were also highly respected throughout Europe, the "Spanish dexterity" with the ropera sword and the left hand dagger was well known.

I: All of you were proud of being a part of the Tercios?

P: Everyone, We were very loyal of our loved king.

I: Talk to us about the clothes you must wore.

P:The Tercios were not characterized in their first stage to have a concrete uniform.

I: But, how you diffenced yourselves between the enemy then?

P: Oh because one of the few distinctions that the soldiers took to distinguish themselves from the enemy was a small red band on the arm, a color also used by the us, I mean, the pikemens, to line the horn of their arms. This attire remained approximately until the SXVII, at which time a color for the coatings of some Tercios was regulated.

I: Ok, last but not least, how do the Tercios army ´died´?

P: We ´died´ at the hands of Philip V, who dissolved us and turned us into regiments that had the "less loose" captains more controlled by a more centralized command.

I: Thank you so much for your time.

P: Thank you for having me.

Did God really help the English defeat the Spanish Armada?

Information taken of:
1. This is an extract from a letter to the English government which gives details about the progress of the Armada.

• How useful do you think this information would be to the English government?

                    It would be very important because it says a lot of information of the armada like the number of soldiers, the great shippers etc

• Why were there more soldiers than sailors?

                     Because they wanted to invate Great Britain, and the soldiers were the ones who can fight, the sailors do not.

2. This is a report from Lord Howard of Effingham, the Admiral of the English fleet.

• How do you think the news that the Spanish Armada had been sighted was able to reach Lord Howard so quickly when he was at Plymouth, over a hundred miles away?

Because of the wind and the well directioned wind

Why do you think Howard complained to Walsingham about the wind?

           Because, as he said, the wind turned very hard make difficult to sail.

• Howard says that the Spanish fleet was ‘soe strong’. What made it strong?

      They had 30000 soldiers, 130 sips, 3000 fire guns and more tan 130000 canon ball, this, compared with the deffense that Great britain had (no soldiers, just sailors) the spanish fleet was super strong.

4. An extract from a Spanish captain’s account of the events. He had survived after being shipwrecked on the Irish coast and was then interrogated by the English, but eventually returned home to Spain.

• The English celebrated their victory with a medal saying ‘God Blew and they were Scattered’ – how would the Spanish have explained their defeat?

A sucession of several bad events made that the Navy lost a large majority of their boats.

• If you could change one thing to give the Spanish a better chance of winning what would it be and why?

I think it was a question of luck, they planned everything and were well preparated and equipated, so i would just give them betrter luck for not to fall in all of those misfortunes.

• Why was it a good thing that the Spanish plans were stopped?

In the perspective of the english population it was a good think beacuse if they did not stopped they would have conquered them..

• The Spanish Armada fought the English fleet for two days without losing any ships. What happened next that changed this?

That the weather changed and the english people took them into the port were they send them some burning boats and attacked wich made the army lose lots of ships.

                                   

CHARLES V MAP

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CONFLICTS AROUND THE WORLD

KOREA

 1. Do some research and explain the origin of the North Korean Communist Regime.

The history of North Korea began with the partition of Korea at the end of World War II in 1945.

From 1910 to the end of World War II, Korea was under Japanese rule. Most Koreans were peasants enganged in subsistence farming. In the 1930s, Japan developed mines, hydro-electric dams, steel mills, and manufacturing plants in northern Korea and neighboring Manchuria. The Korean industrial working class expanded rapidly, and many Koreans went to work in Manchuria. As a result, 65% of Korea's heavy industry was located in the north, but, due to the harshness of the terrain, only 37% of its agricultura.

2. Find three recent news about North Korea from different digital sources and include the links to them.

-Kim Jong-un accepting American aid packages despite vow to 'destroy entire US territory' Source: The telegraph
-How Japan nabbed a N.Korean agent it couldn’t charge with spying Source: NK NEWS
-North Korea May Roll Out Rocket System With Greater Reach, South Says Source: NYTimes

3. What are the names of the North Korean leaders mentioned in the documentary? Who is the current leader of the country?

Kim Jong-un

Supreme Leader

Kim Jong-il

Ex supreme leader

Kim Il-sung

Ex supreme leader

4. What are the instruments used by these leaders to maintain this dictatorial regime?

The main instrument used is the fear. They make people be afraid of what would happen if they do not follow the dictatorial regime.

5. What's the meaning of the word "gulag"? What does it come from? Is there anything similar in NK?
GULAG is an acronym to refer to the Directorate General of labor camps.
It was officially established as an institution of the entire Soviet Union and as a major management OGPU, the Soviet secret police, on April 25, 1930 as the ulag by the OGPU order 130/63 in accordance with the order of Sovnarkom 22, p. 248, dated April 7, 1930, and was renamed in November Gulag.

6. According to the video, what are the main characteristics of a dictatorship?
No freedom for the citizens

7. Compare the life of a North Korean family with your own. In addition, try to describe the life of a North Korean teenager of your same age.

There is a big different between a North Korean family and me, we don't live with fear. For a teenager living there it must very difficult, since you are small you are forcé to work very hard and  learning how to battle against americans, how to be `passive, don´t having your own ideas, the quit you the freedom to fight for you rights as a person.

REPUBLIC POSTER

OCEANIA RELIEF

CHICCAGO URBAN PLAN